{"id":10341,"date":"2026-10-30T00:27:59","date_gmt":"2026-10-30T00:27:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ktimakaparosparos.gr\/?p=10341"},"modified":"2026-10-30T00:27:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T00:27:59","slug":"buran-emelkedese-a-szovjet-urbirodalom-buszkesegeve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ktimakaparosparos.gr\/en\/buran-emelkedese-a-szovjet-urbirodalom-buszkesegeve\/","title":{"rendered":"Buran emelked\u00e9se a szovjet \u0171rbirodalom b\u00fcszkes\u00e9g\u00e9v\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Buran emelked\u00e9se a szovjet \u0171rbirodalom b\u00fcszkes\u00e9g\u00e9v\u00e9<\/h1>\n<nav class=\"toc\" aria-label=\"Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k\">\n<h2>Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#egyetlen-meghatarozo-kuldetes\">Egyetlen, meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 k\u00fcldet\u00e9s<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#technikai-osszehasonlitas-buran-vs-space-shuttle\">Technikai \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1s: Buran vs. Space Shuttle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#miert-maradt-csak-egy-repules\">Mi\u00e9rt maradt csak egy rep\u00fcl\u00e9s?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#orokseg-es-tanulsagok\">\u00d6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g \u00e9s tanuls\u00e1gok<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#gyakran-ismetelt-kerdesek-a-buran-ursikloval-kapcsolatban\">Gyakran ism\u00e9telt k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek a Buran \u0171rsikl\u00f3val kapcsolatban<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<p>Amikor a hidegh\u00e1bor\u00fa csillagh\u00e1bor\u00fas tervei t\u00e9tt\u00e9 v\u00e1ltak, a Szovjetuni\u00f3 sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra nem volt el\u00e9g csup\u00e1n l\u00e9p\u00e9st tartani az Egyes\u00fclt \u00c1llamokkal \u2013 t\u00fal kellett sz\u00e1rnyalnia azt. Az amerikai Space Shuttle program 1981-es indul\u00e1sa kih\u00edv\u00e1st jelentett, amelyre a Kreml egy mer\u00e9sz v\u00e1laszt adott: a <strong>Buran<\/strong> \u0171rsikl\u00f3 programj\u00e1t. Ez a g\u00e9p nem csup\u00e1n egy \u0171rhaj\u00f3 volt, hanem a szovjet technol\u00f3giai f\u00f6l\u00e9ny szimb\u00f3luma, amely az \u00e9vtizedes fejleszt\u0151munka \u00e9s a gigantikus ipari er\u0151fesz\u00edt\u00e9s gy\u00fcm\u00f6lcsek\u00e9nt sz\u00fcletett meg. A legt\u00f6bben csak egy r\u00f6pke, egyetlen rep\u00fcl\u00e9s kapcs\u00e1n eml\u00e9keznek r\u00e1, \u00e1m a <strong>Buran<\/strong> t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete enn\u00e9l j\u00f3val \u00f6sszetettebb \u00e9s leny\u0171g\u00f6z\u0151bb \u2013 ez a cikk bemutatja, hogyan v\u00e1lt a szovjet \u0171rbirodalom b\u00fcszkes\u00e9g\u00e9v\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>A program gy\u00f6kerei az 1970-es \u00e9vek k\u00f6zep\u00e9re ny\u00falnak vissza, amikor a szovjet vezet\u00e9s felismerte, hogy az amerikai \u0171rsikl\u00f3 katonai potenci\u00e1lja t\u00fals\u00e1gosan vesz\u00e9lyes. A v\u00e1laszuk nem egy egyszer\u0171 m\u00e1solat, hanem egy saj\u00e1t, <em>egyedi koncepci\u00f3<\/em> volt. A <strong>Buran<\/strong> (oroszul: \u201eh\u00f3vihar\u201d) fejleszt\u00e9se 1976-ban kezd\u0151d\u00f6tt, a h\u00edres NPO Molnyija v\u00e1llalat ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1val. A tervez\u0151k nem csup\u00e1n lem\u00e1solt\u00e1k a Space Shuttle aerodinamikai profilj\u00e1t, hanem <strong>jelent\u0151sen tov\u00e1bbfejlesztett\u00e9k<\/strong> azt. Ennek a t\u00f6rt\u00e9netnek a r\u00e9szleteit az \u0171rkutat\u00e1s rajong\u00f3i sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra sz\u00e1mos forr\u00e1s el\u00e9rhet\u0151, de ha valaki m\u00e9lyebben szeretn\u00e9 meg\u00e9rteni a buran.hu program \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00e9t, \u00e9rdemes ell\u00e1togatni a <a href=\"https:\/\/buranhu.org\">buranhu.org<\/a> oldalra, ahol ritka arch\u00edv anyagokat \u00e9s r\u00e9szletes technikai le\u00edr\u00e1sokat tal\u00e1l.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>Buran<\/strong> egyik legnagyobb brav\u00farja a <em>teljesen automatikus<\/em> rep\u00fcl\u00e9s volt. M\u00edg az amerikai \u0171rsikl\u00f3k manu\u00e1lis vezet\u00e9ssel sz\u00e1lltak le, a szovjet m\u00e9rn\u00f6k\u00f6k olyan rendszert fejlesztettek, amely a felsz\u00e1ll\u00e1st\u00f3l a landol\u00e1sig emberi beavatkoz\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl k\u00e9pes volt v\u00e9grehajtani a k\u00fcldet\u00e9st. Ez a megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s nemcsak technikai \u00e9rtelemben volt forradalmi, hanem had\u00e1szati szempontb\u00f3l is kulcsfontoss\u00e1g\u00fa: egy pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli \u0171rsikl\u00f3 sokkal rugalmasabban haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3 katonai vagy kutat\u00f3i c\u00e9lokra.<\/p>\n<p>A program sz\u00edve az <strong>Energija<\/strong> hordoz\u00f3rak\u00e9ta volt, amely a vil\u00e1g egyik leger\u0151sebb \u0171rreptet\u0151 eszk\u00f6z\u00e9v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt. Ez a rak\u00e9ta nemcsak a <strong>Buran<\/strong> felemel\u00e9s\u00e9re szolg\u00e1lt, hanem \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3an is haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3 volt, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul neh\u00e9z m\u0171holdak p\u00e1ly\u00e1ra \u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra. Az Energija ereje \u00e9s megb\u00edzhat\u00f3s\u00e1ga leny\u0171g\u00f6zte a nyugati szak\u00e9rt\u0151ket is, hiszen a szovjet ipar egy olyan <em>\u00f3ri\u00e1si logisztikai teljes\u00edtm\u00e9nyt<\/em> hajtott v\u00e9gre, amelyre kevesen sz\u00e1m\u00edtottak.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"egyetlen-meghatarozo-kuldetes\">Egyetlen, meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 k\u00fcldet\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<p>1988. november 15-\u00e9n a <strong>Buran<\/strong> meg\u00e9rkezett a csillagok k\u00f6z\u00e9. A g\u00e9p automatikus \u00fczemm\u00f3dban, szem\u00e9lyzet n\u00e9lk\u00fcl hajtotta v\u00e9gre els\u0151 \u00e9s egyetlen f\u00f6ldk\u00f6r\u00fcli rep\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9t. A start a Bajkonuri \u0171rrep\u00fcl\u0151t\u00e9rr\u0151l indult, majd a sikl\u00f3 pontosan k\u00e9t kering\u00e9s ut\u00e1n, a <strong>vil\u00e1g els\u0151 teljesen automatiz\u00e1lt \u0171rsikl\u00f3landol\u00e1sak\u00e9nt<\/strong> sz\u00e1llt le a kijel\u00f6lt kifut\u00f3p\u00e1ly\u00e1n. A lesz\u00e1ll\u00e1s olyan prec\u00edz volt, hogy a g\u00e9p mind\u00f6ssze n\u00e9h\u00e1ny centim\u00e9terre \u00e1llt meg a tervezett pontt\u00f3l. Ez a rep\u00fcl\u00e9s, amely <em>mind\u00f6ssze 3 \u00f3ra 25 percig<\/em> tartott, \u00f6r\u00f6kre be\u00edrta a <strong>Buran<\/strong> nev\u00e9t az \u0171rkutat\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelemk\u00f6nyv\u00e9be.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"technikai-osszehasonlitas-buran-vs-space-shuttle\">Technikai \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1s: Buran vs. Space Shuttle<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Szempont<\/th>\n<th>Buran (Szovjetuni\u00f3)<\/th>\n<th>Space Shuttle (USA)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ind\u00edt\u00f3 rendszer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Energija hordoz\u00f3rak\u00e9ta (lev\u00e1laszthat\u00f3, f\u00fcggetlen)<\/td>\n<td>SRB szil\u00e1rd hajt\u00f3anyag\u00fa rak\u00e9t\u00e1k + saj\u00e1t hajt\u00f3m\u0171vek<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Vezet\u00e9si m\u00f3d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Teljesen automatikus (pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcl is)<\/td>\n<td>Manu\u00e1lis (pil\u00f3ta vez\u00e9relte)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Rakom\u00e1nykapacit\u00e1s<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Kb. 30 tonna (tehert\u00e9rbe)<\/td>\n<td>Kb. 25 tonna (tehert\u00e9rbe)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Egyedi jellemz\u0151<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Fejlett automata navig\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer<\/td>\n<td>Emberi ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s, nagy rugalmass\u00e1g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>A fenti t\u00e1bl\u00e1zat j\u00f3l mutatja, hogy a <strong>Buran<\/strong> nem egyszer\u0171 m\u00e1solat volt, hanem saj\u00e1t filoz\u00f3fi\u00e1t k\u00f6vetett. A szovjet m\u00e9rn\u00f6k\u00f6k az <em>emberi t\u00e9nyez\u0151 minimaliz\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1ban<\/em> l\u00e1tt\u00e1k a j\u00f6v\u0151t, m\u00edg az amerikaiak a pil\u00f3t\u00e1k k\u00e9pess\u00e9geire \u00e9p\u00edtettek. Mindk\u00e9t megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9snek megvannak az el\u0151nyei, de a <strong>Buran<\/strong> automatizmusa sok szempontb\u00f3l el\u0151remutat\u00f3bb volt.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\"><iframe width=\"564\" height=\"313\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/e9H0O-gxJ4Y\" alt=\"Return to the ABANDONED Soviet Buran SPACE SHUTTLES\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"miert-maradt-csak-egy-repules\">Mi\u00e9rt maradt csak egy rep\u00fcl\u00e9s?<\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>Buran<\/strong> program sors\u00e1t a politikai \u00e9s gazdas\u00e1gi v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sok pecs\u00e9telt\u00e9k meg. A Szovjetuni\u00f3 \u00f6sszeoml\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n a finansz\u00edroz\u00e1s megsz\u0171nt, a Bajkonur Kazahszt\u00e1nhoz ker\u00fclt, \u00e9s a <em>hatalmas infrastrukt\u00far\u00e1t<\/em> nem lehetett fenntartani. 1993-ban hivatalosan is le\u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k a projektet. T\u00f6bb befejezett p\u00e9ld\u00e1ny is k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, de ezek vagy rakt\u00e1rakban porosodtak, vagy (mint a legend\u00e1s <em>OK-1K<\/em>) egy 2002-es gar\u00e1zsoml\u00e1s sor\u00e1n elpusztultak. A program \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9ge azonban <strong>tov\u00e1bb \u00e9l<\/strong> az \u0171riparban: a fejlett anyagok, a robottechnika \u00e9s az Energija hajt\u00f3m\u0171vei k\u00e9s\u0151bbi orosz rak\u00e9t\u00e1kban is felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1sra ker\u00fcltek.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"orokseg-es-tanulsagok\">\u00d6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g \u00e9s tanuls\u00e1gok<\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>Buran<\/strong> ma is a <em>technikai zsenialit\u00e1s \u00e9s a politikai buk\u00e1s<\/em> p\u00e9ld\u00e1ja. Sokan \u00fagy v\u00e9lik, hogy ha a program folytat\u00f3dott volna, a szovjet \u0171ripar meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 szerepl\u0151je lehetett volna a 21. sz\u00e1zadi \u0171rlogisztik\u00e1ban. Az automatiz\u00e1lt rendszerek, amelyeket kifejlesztettek, el\u0151fut\u00e1rai voltak a modern, pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcli teher\u0171rhaj\u00f3knak. <\/p>\n<p>A legfontosabb tanuls\u00e1g tal\u00e1n az, hogy a <strong>Buran<\/strong> nem egy m\u00fazeumi ritkas\u00e1g, hanem egy <em>inspir\u00e1ci\u00f3<\/em>. A m\u00e9rn\u00f6k\u00f6k b\u00e1tors\u00e1ga \u00e9s a gigantikus l\u00e9pt\u00e9k\u0171 tervez\u00e9s eml\u00e9keztet minket arra, hogy a lehetetlennek t\u0171n\u0151 feladatok is megoldhat\u00f3k, ha van hozz\u00e1 <strong>elk\u00f6vetkez\u0151 akarat<\/strong> \u00e9s kell\u0151 szak\u00e9rtelem.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"gyakran-ismetelt-kerdesek-a-buran-ursikloval-kapcsolatban\">Gyakran ism\u00e9telt k\u00e9rd\u00e9sek a Buran \u0171rsikl\u00f3val kapcsolatban<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>\n    <strong>Mi\u00e9rt rep\u00fclt a Buran csak egyszer?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A programot a Szovjetuni\u00f3 \u00f6sszeoml\u00e1sa \u00e9s az azt k\u00f6vet\u0151 gazdas\u00e1gi neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gek miatt \u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k le. A m\u00e1sodik, tervezett rep\u00fcl\u00e9s soha nem val\u00f3sult meg.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n    <strong>Miben k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u00f6tt a Buran az amerikai Space Shuttle-t\u0151l?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A legfontosabb k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g a vezet\u00e9si m\u00f3d volt: a Buran teljesen automatikusan, pil\u00f3ta n\u00e9lk\u00fcl is k\u00e9pes volt rep\u00fclni, m\u00edg a Space Shuttle manu\u00e1lis ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1st ig\u00e9nyelt.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n    <strong>Haszn\u00e1ltak-e emberi pil\u00f3t\u00e1k a Buran tesztrep\u00fcl\u00e9sein\u00e9l?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nem. Az egyetlen \u0171rrep\u00fcl\u00e9s 1988-ban teljesen szem\u00e9lyzet n\u00e9lk\u00fcl zajlott. K\u00e9s\u0151bbi tervek szerint emberek is rep\u00fclhettek volna vele, de erre soha nem ker\u00fclt sor.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n    <strong>Hol tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 ma az eredeti Buran \u0171rsikl\u00f3?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A program befejez\u00e9se ut\u00e1n t\u00f6bb p\u00e9ld\u00e1ny is k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, de a legt\u00f6bb rossz \u00e1llapotban van. N\u00e9h\u00e1ny m\u00fazeumban (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a technika m\u00fazeum\u00e1ban, Szentp\u00e9terv\u00e1r k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben) ki\u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k, de az eredeti rep\u00fcl\u0151 p\u00e9ld\u00e1ny 2002-ben egy gar\u00e1zsoml\u00e1s sor\u00e1n megsemmis\u00fclt.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n    <strong>Volt-e katonai c\u00e9lja a Burannak?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>B\u00e1r a hivatalos dokument\u00e1ci\u00f3 szerint els\u0151sorban tudom\u00e1nyos \u00e9s gazdas\u00e1gi c\u00e9lokat szolg\u00e1lt, a szak\u00e9rt\u0151k szerint a tervez\u00e9sn\u00e9l figyelembe vett\u00e9k a katonai alkalmaz\u00e1sokat is, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul m\u0171holdak elfog\u00e1s\u00e1t vagy sz\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n    <strong>Milyen technol\u00f3giai \u00faj\u00edt\u00e1sokat hozott a Buran program?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Fejlett h\u0151v\u00e9d\u0151 csemp\u00e9k, robotpil\u00f3ta rendszerek, \u00fajrahaszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3 orbit\u00e1lis j\u00e1rm\u0171technika, \u00e9s a hatalmas Energija hordoz\u00f3rak\u00e9ta, amely \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3an is alkalmazhat\u00f3 volt.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00d6sszefoglalva: a <strong>Buran<\/strong> emelked\u00e9se a szovjet \u0171rbirodalom b\u00fcszkes\u00e9g\u00e9v\u00e9 nem csup\u00e1n egy technikai brav\u00far, hanem egy <em>kortalan tanuls\u00e1g<\/em> arr\u00f3l, hogy a tudom\u00e1ny \u00e9s az ipar milyen magass\u00e1gokba k\u00e9pes emelkedni, ha <strong>kih\u00edv\u00e1st jelent\u0151 c\u00e9lok<\/strong> \u00e9s elhivatott m\u00e9rn\u00f6k\u00f6k \u00e1llnak m\u00f6g\u00f6tte. A g\u00e9p ma is a lehet\u0151s\u00e9gek szimb\u00f3luma, amely inspir\u00e1lja az \u00faj gener\u00e1ci\u00f3t.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Auto-generated post_excerpt<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10341","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Buran emelked\u00e9se a szovjet \u0171rbirodalom b\u00fcszkes\u00e9g\u00e9v\u00e9 - Ktima Kaparos Paros - Seaside Glyfa Luxury Villas for your ideal vacation on Paros island<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ktimakaparosparos.gr\/en\/buran-emelkedese-a-szovjet-urbirodalom-buszkesegeve\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Buran emelked\u00e9se a szovjet \u0171rbirodalom b\u00fcszkes\u00e9g\u00e9v\u00e9 - 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